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Taphrina deformans
''Taphrina deformans'' is a fungus and plant pathogen, and a causal agent() of peach leaf curl.〔(Peach leaf curl, ''Taphrina deformans'' ) at West Virginia University〕
==Life cycle==
''Taphrina deformans'' infects species of the genus ''Prunus'' (including ''P. amygdalus'' (almond) and ''P. persica'' (peach)).〔Mix AJ. (1956). “Notes on Some Species of ''Taphrina''”. ''Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science'' 59 (4): 465-482〕 It has been observed that this fungus also infects the fruits of some South American trees like ''Ocotea puberula'', ''Nectandra megapotamica'' and other Lauraceae species. Infected leaves develop a whitish bloom as the infection progresses. This bloom consists of asci that break through the cuticle of the leaf by way of lysis.〔Bassi M, Conti GG, & Barbieri N. (1984). “Cell wall degradation by ''Taphrina deformans'' in host leaf cells.” ''Mycopathologia'' 88 (2-3) 115–125〕 One ascus contains eight ascospores that create conidia, which are ejected in early summer and moved by rain and wind. This fungus is believed to survive the winter by staying on the surface of the new host plant, such as on bark or buds.〔Gray, William D.. The Relation of Fungi to Human Affairs. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1959. Print.〕 In the spring, new buds are infected by the conidia as the leaves emerge from the buds. The disease does not occur every year, as it requires a minimum of 3mm of rainfall followed by at least 12 days during which the developing conidia remain damp and at temperatures below 19°C.〔Rossi V, Bolognesi M, Languasco L, & Giosuè S. (2006). “Influence of Environmental Conditions on Infection of Peach Shoots by ''Taphrina deformans''” ''Ecology and Epidemiology'' 96 (2) 155-163〕〔Smith, S.E. What is Peach Leaf Curl? 2009. WiseGEEK. 14 Apr 2009 〕 The fungus has higher infection rates following cooler, damper winters.〔
''Taphrina deformans'' hyphae growing in intercellular spaces secrete polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, such as cellulase, causing partial dissolution of the host cell wall. This process also results in changes in the plasma membrane.〔
''T. deformans'' also produces the auxin indole-3-acetic acid from L-tryptophan via indole-3-pyruvic acid and indole-3-acetaldehyde. This process is thought to be responsible for the hyperplastic effect of the infection.〔Yamada Y, Tsukamoto H, Shiraishi T, Nomura T, & Oku H. (1990). “Detection of Indoleacetic Acid Biosynthesis in Some Species of ''Taphrina'' Causing Hyperplastic Diseases in Plants” ''Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan''. 56 532–540〕
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